中國的電動車革命：全球汽車製造商如何競相追趕

Car manufacturers from the United States, Europe, and Japan are finding it increasingly difficult to compete with Chinese carmakers, who are now leading the way in electric vehicles, battery technology, car design, and software development. During the Auto China 2026 show, the BBC visited factories in Beijing and Hefei and saw how advanced and automated Chinese car production has become. These factories use a lot of robots and have very fast software development, which puts foreign carmakers at a disadvantage. Honda’s CEO, Toshihiro Mibe, admitted after visiting a highly automated factory in Shanghai that they have 'no chance against this. ' Ford’s CEO, Jim Farley, also warned that Western carmakers are 'in a fight for our lives' as Chinese companies expand around the world.

For years, foreign carmakers invested in joint ventures with Chinese companies to build cars for the Chinese market. Now, they are changing these partnerships to try to stay competitive. Bill Russo, an auto analyst in Shanghai, explained that the real competition is not just about electric cars, but about who will lead the next generation of mobility technology. China’s influence goes beyond just making cars. According to a report by the Rhodium Group, China is now the top exporter in over 315 product categories, many of which are related to electric vehicles, such as batteries and car parts. The International Energy Agency says it is at least 30% cheaper to make a small electric SUV in China than in other developed countries, mainly because of lower battery costs and a strong supply chain. This advantage comes from years of government support, with China investing tens of billions of dollars in electric vehicle and battery manufacturing. These subsidies have helped Chinese companies grow quickly and lower their prices, which has been criticized by the EU and US for creating unfair competition.

Competition within China has also led to more innovation. Big tech companies like Xiaomi, Huawei, and Alibaba are now making electric cars, bringing their experience with consumer technology into the car industry. As cars rely more on software for things like driver assistance and entertainment, these companies are giving Chinese carmakers an extra advantage. For example, Xiaomi’s electric vehicle factory near Beijing produces a new car every 76 seconds. Xiaomi only started making electric cars in 2024, but it is already one of the top-selling brands in China. Their strategy is to connect cars with phones, apps, and smart-home devices to create a single system. At Nio’s factory in Hefei, much of the production line is almost fully automated. BYD has developed a charging system that can add 400 kilometers of range in about five minutes, which is almost as fast as filling up a gas tank. XPeng’s CEO, He Xiaopeng, told the BBC that the company is focusing on humanoid robots and flying cars, saying, 'In the next decade, any car company will also be a robotics company. '

Foreign carmakers still rely on China to supply cars for global markets. Tesla exports Model 3s made in Shanghai to Europe, and BMW sells Chinese-made electric Minis overseas. However, foreign brands are losing ground in China itself. Their share of the Chinese car market has dropped from 64% in 2020 to just 32% this year, according to Automobility. This decline has hurt companies like General Motors and German carmakers, who used to depend on China for profits. Even luxury brands are feeling the pressure. Huawei’s Maextro S800 luxury sedan is now the best-selling car in China above $100,000, outselling imports like the Porsche Panamera and BMW 7 series.

China exports about seven million cars a year, nearly half of which are electric vehicles. Foreign carmakers are now changing their strategies. Stellantis has signed a billion-euro deal with Dongfeng to produce Peugeot and Jeep models in China for both local and international markets. Stellantis will also bring Dongfeng’s Voyah electric brand to Europe and is considering making Chinese-designed cars in France. Volkswagen is paying XPeng $700 million for access to its software and self-driving technology, which Volkswagen admits it could not develop quickly enough on its own. XPeng’s CEO says the relationship is two-way: 'We study each other, so we trust each other, so we help each other. ' Other companies like Toyota, Hyundai, Ford, and Nissan are expanding their research in China or looking to produce Chinese-designed cars in overseas factories.

Not all strategies are working. Audi had to offer big discounts on its E5 model, which was made for China, because demand was lower than expected. General Motors has lost billions in China and saw sales drop by more than 21% in the first three months of this year. Japanese carmakers have been slow to switch to electric vehicles, making them vulnerable in China and Southeast Asia, where Chinese brands are gaining market share. Volkswagen briefly became the top-selling brand in China again, but this was likely due to the end of government subsidies for electric vehicles, which hurt local competitors.

The Chinese car market is slowing down after years of fast growth. There are too many cars and a price war is making it hard for companies to make money. This is one reason why Chinese carmakers are expanding overseas, even though they face high tariffs in places like the EU. Some Chinese brands, like Chery’s Jaecoo 7, have become best-sellers in the UK, but tariffs of over 100% keep Chinese cars out of the US. Experts warn that as more car production, battery technology, and software development move to China, manufacturing centers in Southeast Asia and Europe could lose jobs. Tariffs may not protect these markets, as Chinese companies can always find new places to sell their cars. Bill Russo says the center of the car industry has already shifted to China, and companies that work together have a chance to succeed, while those that try to stop China may fall behind.