印度科學家繪製超精細3D腦幹圖譜，揭開神經奧秘

Indian scientists have made a big step in understanding the human brain by creating a very detailed 3D map of the brainstem. The brain is a complex organ with about 86 billion neurons, and for many years, scientists have only been able to study small parts of it. This new map, made at the Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre at the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras, is called Anchor. It is the most detailed map of the brainstem ever made, showing it at the level of individual cells.

The brainstem is a small but very important part of the brain. It connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls things like breathing, heartbeat, sleep, and movement. If even a small part of the brainstem is damaged, it can be very dangerous. The Anchor map was made by looking at over 500 thin slices of brain tissue from people of different ages, from babies to adults. The scientists used high-resolution microscopes to take pictures of these slices and then used computers to put them together into a 3D map. They also used eight chemical markers to help tell different types of cells apart. This allowed them to see more than 200 groups of cells and the paths they take in the brainstem.

What makes this map special is that it connects two ways of looking at the brain. One way is using MRI scans, which show the whole brain but not the details of each cell. The other way is using microscopes, which show the details of cells but only in small pieces. Anchor lets scientists zoom in from the whole brainstem down to individual cells, keeping everything in the right place. This is very helpful for doctors and scientists who want to study diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and strokes. By comparing healthy brainstems to those with disease, they can learn more about what goes wrong. The map is free for anyone to use, and it could also help surgeons do safer brain operations. The scientists plan to make more maps of the brain in the future, which could help answer many questions about how the brain works and how diseases affect it.