澳洲法院就具有里程碑意義的案件作出裁決，該案件詢問“什麼是女性？”

In a significant ruling, an Australian court has addressed a pressing question regarding gender identity and the definition of womanhood. The case involved Roxanne Tickle, a transgender woman who sought to use a social media application called 'Giggle for Girls', which is exclusively designed for women. Initially, Roxanne was granted access to the app after submitting a selfie to verify her identity. However, after seven months of membership, her access was revoked, leading her to file a lawsuit against the app and its CEO, Sall Grover. The Federal Court of Australia determined that while Roxanne was not directly discriminated against, she experienced indirect discrimination, which occurs when a policy or practice disadvantages individuals based on specific characteristics. The court ordered the app to compensate Roxanne with A$10,000, approximately $6,700 in US currency. This ruling is groundbreaking as it delves into the complexities of gender identity and the legal recognition of transgender individuals. Roxanne had downloaded the app in 2021, attracted by its promise of a safe space for women to share their experiences without the presence of men. However, the app's policies required users to prove their womanhood through gender recognition software, which ultimately led to Roxanne's exclusion. In her lawsuit, Roxanne argued that her identity as a woman entitled her to access services meant for women, and she claimed that the treatment she received caused her significant emotional distress, including anxiety and suicidal thoughts. The legal representatives for Giggle contended that the app's policies were based on biological sex rather than gender identity. They acknowledged that Roxanne faced discrimination but maintained that it was lawful to deny her access based on her perceived sex. The app's founder, Sall Grover, argued that the app was created to provide a safe environment for women and that Roxanne's inclusion would undermine that purpose. However, Justice Robert Bromwich, in his ruling, emphasized that the legal understanding of sex is evolving and not strictly binary. He dismissed the app's argument, stating that the law recognizes the fluidity of gender. Roxanne expressed her hope that the ruling would serve as a protective measure for all women against discrimination and would promote healing for transgender and gender-diverse individuals. In contrast, Grover expressed disappointment with the decision, asserting that the struggle for women's rights is far from over. This case, referred to as 'Tickle vs Giggle', marks a pivotal moment in Australian legal history, as it is the first instance of gender identity discrimination being addressed in a federal court. The case encapsulates the ongoing debate surrounding trans inclusion and sex-based rights, highlighting the tensions that exist within these discussions. Roxanne, who has been living as a woman since 2017, testified that she has generally been treated as a woman by those around her, despite occasional negative reactions. Grover, however, adheres to a belief that sex is immutable and that individuals cannot change their biological sex. During cross-examination, Grover was asked whether she would recognize a person who transitioned as a woman, to which she firmly replied no. She also refused to acknowledge Roxanne as 'Ms. ' and insisted on referring to her as a biological male. Grover's motivations for creating the app stemmed from her experiences of online harassment from men while working in the entertainment industry. She aimed to establish a secure space for women to connect and share their experiences. Grover has publicly identified as a 'TERF', or trans-exclusionary radical feminist, and her views on gender identity have drawn criticism for being hostile towards transgender individuals. Following the court's decision, Grover announced her intention to appeal, vowing to continue the legal battle. The implications of this case extend beyond Australia, as it could set a legal precedent for how gender identity rights and sex-based rights are interpreted in other jurisdictions. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), an international treaty aimed at protecting women's rights, plays a crucial role in this context. The defense for Giggle argued that Australia's commitment to CEDAW necessitates the protection of women's rights, including the preservation of single-sex spaces. Roxanne expressed her hope that the ruling would foster healing for transgender and gender-diverse individuals. The outcome of this case is likely to resonate across the 189 countries that have ratified CEDAW, influencing how courts interpret gender identity and sex-based rights in the future. As more courts potentially rule in favor of gender identity claims, it may lead to significant changes in legal frameworks worldwide.