氣候變遷使太平洋島嶼旅遊業的未來“高度不確定”

The Pacific Islands, known for their stunning natural beauty, including crystal-clear waters, pristine beaches, and lush rainforests, are facing a significant threat due to climate change. This region is a popular destination for tourists, which plays a crucial role in the economies of many island nations. However, the tourism industry is increasingly concerned about the long-term impacts of climate change on their livelihoods. Christopher Cocker, the chief executive of the Pacific Tourism Organisation, has stated that climate change is the foremost threat to the well-being and security of Pacific communities. He emphasizes that without immediate and innovative action, the future of tourism in the region remains highly uncertain. Cocker points out that all Pacific Islands are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, but low-lying atoll nations such as Tuvalu, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia are particularly at risk. These islands face the danger of flooding from rising sea levels, especially during king tides. Additionally, they struggle with access to clean drinking water due to prolonged droughts and unpredictable rainfall patterns. The threat of increasingly severe tropical storms also looms large, with Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology indicating that climate models suggest a future with fewer but more intense cyclones. In Tonga, residents are already witnessing stronger storms occurring more frequently. One such island, Nomuka, located in Tonga’s Ha’apai archipelago, has a population of around 400 people who feel vulnerable to the whims of nature. Sione Taufa, an associate dean at the University of Auckland Business School, recalls his childhood on Nomuka, where cyclones were a rare occurrence. Nowadays, he notes that category four and five cyclones are hitting the island much more regularly. The allure of vacationing in the Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, is undeniable, but the challenges faced by these nations have been highlighted by United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres. During the Pacific Island Forum Leaders Meeting in Tonga, he called on the world’s largest polluting countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Guterres pointed out that while small Pacific Islands do not contribute significantly to climate change, they bear the brunt of its consequences. Fiji, located just a two-hour flight from Tonga, is also grappling with the effects of climate change. Marica Vakacola, a member of the Mamanuca Environment Society, a community organization in Fiji, is dedicated to promoting sustainable tourism and environmental protection. However, she explains that the region is already experiencing the consequences of rising temperatures. Bore water is becoming contaminated with salt from the encroaching sea, and rainwater must be harvested during the wet season. Vakacola highlights that water security is a significant concern in the face of climate change, as many freshwater sources are being compromised by saltwater intrusion. Furthermore, rising sea levels are eroding beaches, and coral bleaching events are becoming more frequent due to changing seawater temperatures. Vakacola, along with Susanne Becken, a professor of sustainable tourism at Griffith University in Australia, foresees potential conflicts over scarce water resources across the Pacific Islands. As drinking water becomes increasingly limited, there may be tensions between tourists and local communities over water usage. Becken's research in Fiji and the Cook Islands has revealed some surprising attitudes toward climate change. She notes a sense of denial among some residents, who feel fatalistic about the situation, believing there is little they can do to change it. This mindset can complicate discussions about the future of tourism and the environment, as many people seem preoccupied with restoring the tourism market rather than addressing the pressing issue of climate change. In the Cook Islands, a popular destination for New Zealanders and Australians, conversations about global warming can be challenging. Brad Kirner, the director of destination development at the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation, acknowledges that facing the reality of climate change requires serious adaptation measures. He emphasizes the need for solutions, recognizing that while the Pacific Islands contribute minimally to global carbon emissions, they are on the front lines of climate change. Despite the daunting challenges posed by climate change, the resilience of the Pacific Islands' communities should not be underestimated. Social systems vary across the islands, with strong kinship ties and community networks playing a vital role in their ability to cope with adversity. Sione Taufa emphasizes that while assistance is appreciated after natural disasters, it is essential not to adopt a victim mentality. The people of the Pacific Islands are determined to survive and will rely on their neighbors for support in times of need. They are committed to finding ways to adapt to the changing climate while preserving their unique cultures and environments.